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A saying goes around in academic circles: “I teach for free; they pay me to grade.” There is truth in that — teaching is often fun, and grading is usually tedious. But as every scientist knows, there is no point in doing an experiment if you don’t have a way to assess the result. So assessment is a crucial step in teaching and learning.

An enormous literature exists on assessment. And yet, reviewing materials from different sources, I see far too many exam items that simply test recall, a low-level and increasingly obsolete skill.

I recall the first time I was faced with an exam that wasn’t simple regurgitation of facts. Like many biochemistry students, I had memorized the Krebs cycle: reactants and products, enzymes, coenzymes and effectors. But when I walked into the exam, I was presented with a page that outlined all that information. I thought, “But everything I know is on this piece of paper — what else can they ask me?” Then I realized that the information was just the starting point; the real test was understanding it in context and being able to apply that understanding

Throughout my teaching career, I sought that moment of realization for my students. I used to tell them that every exam was a learning experience; one student told me that she wished there was not so much learning on my exams.

Assessing collaboration

I found that figuring out what I wanted students to learn and how to measure that learning is an essential and creative activity. I experienced an epiphany when I realized that if I wanted students to value collaboration, I would have to include teamwork on exams in some way — if something doesn’t count toward a grade, many students believe it has no value. Of course, it is one thing to decide what you want to measure, another to design an instrument to do the measuring.

I first heard about pyramid testing from a group of math faculty at Smith College. They gave their exams in three parts (individual, small group, full class), with a diminishing number of points for each part. I tried that but found it took enormous amounts of class time and the students’ enthusiasm diminished as the points went down. My goals and my testing scheme then went through multiple iterations.

I finally settled on giving a take-home individual exam followed by a class period spent discussing the exam in small groups and ending with giving the students an opportunity to revise one section of the exam after this discussion. These group discussions had a greater level of engagement than any other classroom activity I assigned, which I saw as a first step toward recognizing and rewarding collaboration.

Similarly, my colleagues Don Elmore and Adam Matthews and two of their students, Valentina Alvarez and Julie Bocetti, developed an assessment of discussion-based activities in introductory courses. Their approach melds quantitative survey and qualitative student response data to determine whether the activities achieve the goals of building student community and perseverance.

Over the years, I began to think that constructing an exam was as intellectually stimulating and time-intensive an activity as writing a research grant proposal, and it had much the same goal: testing a hypothesis.

Authentic assessment

Assessments often have been used as a tool, especially in K-12 education, by politicians, school boards and accrediting agencies to reward and punish teachers as well as students. Whatever the original worthy goals of these bodies in setting standards, many frontline educators see such assessments as tests imposed by agencies external to the school and classroom. Just using the word “assessment” can get faculty up in arms. The same principles of assessment should apply to teachers and institutions as to student learning. Defining goals is the first step; figuring out how to assess whether you have met them is the next.

The 偷拍偷窥 and 偷拍偷窥 Biology has developed a set of requirements for biochemistry and molecular biology undergraduate programs and outlined a method to assess their success in meeting those goals toward accreditation. Resentment can arise when standards are set by outsiders, but our goals and rubrics are the result of discussion and sometimes argument among our members, so the assessment tools feel authentic.

The economist James Gustave Speth wrote, “We tend to get what we measure, so we should measure what we want.” He was talking about economic growth and environmentalism and how we get sidetracked by measuring what is measurable rather than what we really care about, but the statement is true of all kinds of assessment. We need to figure out what we want students to learn as well as what we value about our institutions and programs and then set about developing ways to measure how close we come to achieving our goals.

Jenny Loertscher made valuable contributions to this essay.