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Protein kinases, enzymes that add phosphate groups to other proteins, are often dysregulated in diseases. This makes popular drugs, although they often target things they aren’t supposed to. To mitigate these off-target effects, scientists like are finding ways to target specific functions of a kinase, rather than inhibiting the whole enzyme. 

Paul Shapiro works with what he calls Type 4 kinase “modulators.” Instead of targeting the ATP binding or catalytic sites, these modulators target regions involved in a kinase’s interaction with its substrates.

Shapiro was the first speaker on ASBMB Breakthroughs, a new webinar series highlighting research from ASBMB journals. He is a professor in the department of pharmaceutical sciences at the University of Maryland School of Pharmacy and associate editor at the Journal of Biological Chemistry, or JBC. In his talk, sponsored by JBC, Shapiro discussed taking ideas and discoveries from basic science research toward clinical applications.

The most common types of kinase inhibitors, known as Types 1 and 2, compete with ATP binding and lock kinases in either an active or inactive conformation, respectively. On the other hand, Type 3 kinase inhibitors are not ATP competitive. They prevent enzymatic reactions by binding to a catalytic site adjacent to the ATP pocket.

Shapiro works with what he calls Type 4 kinase “modulators.” Instead of targeting the ATP binding or catalytic sites, these modulators target regions involved in a kinase’s interaction with its substrates.

“We call them modulators because they don’t inhibit all enzyme activities,” Shapiro said.

He explained how kinases often have both a “pro” and “anti” function. For example, a kinase can be “pro” proliferation or inflammation, but also modulate these “pro” functions through “anti”, or negative feedback.

“Type 4 modulators allow us to selectively target signaling functions that we want to inhibit while preserving other potentially beneficial functions,” he said. “Think of it as targeting the gas and keeping the brake.”

Shapiro’s work focuses on mitogen-activated protein kinases, or MAPKs, specifically p38α and extracellular signal-regulated kinases, or ERKs. MAPKs have regions known as D- and F-recruitment sites, or DRS and FRS, that recognize D- and F-sites on substrates, respectively. Based on what researchers knew about how MAPKs recognize substrates, Shapiro teamed up with to use computer-aided drug design to identify compounds that have shown efficacy in pre-clinical studies and have advanced to clinical testing.

Deredge et al./JBC

This image from a shows a model of p38α MAP kinase interacting with part of a pro-inflammatory substrate, MK2. The yellow and brown are p38 docking sites for substrates that form the D-domain recruitment site. The red is a region the researchers are targeting with small molecules and shows distinct structural changes from the p38β isoform that may determine isoform selectivity. The brown string is the D-domain of MK2 that interacts with p38.

Shapiro and his collaborator, at the Fox Chase Cancer Center, study ERK substrate specificity in myeloproliferative disorders, a type of blood cancer in which the bone marrow produces too many blood cells. They that D-site substrates of ERK are more involved in disease progression and F-site substrates more in disease attenuation. Shapiro, Wiest and their colleagues showed that compounds that specifically target ERK’s DRS can mitigate overactive proliferation in myeloproliferative disorders.

“This is a unique example of how ERK can have pro and anti functions depending on its docking site,” Shapiro said.

In another project, Shapiro works with at Thomas Jefferson University. Their team ed a compound that targets a region near ERK’s FRS and showed it can reduce airway remodeling, a process in asthma that leads to thickened airway walls and narrowed airways, in mice treated with dust mites to produce symptoms mimicking human asthma.

Shapiro also collaborates with , a University of Maryland colleague, on a compound that targets the inflammatory role of p38α in acute respiratory distress syndrome, or ARDS.

“p38 inhibitors have been around for 30 years,” Shapiro said. “But none of them have made it into the clinic because most of them target both the α and β isoforms.”                                 

p38α is more involved in pro-inflammatory functions, while p38β typically has a more protective role in cells. In addition to this difference, even the p38α isoform alone has both “gas” and “brake” functions.

“The goal was to primarily target the gas functions,” said Shapiro. “In p38α, that involved substrates that utilize the DRS.”

The modulator Shapiro’s team developed, called UM101, targeted p38α’s pro-inflammatory function, sparing the β form and preserving p38α’s “brake.” Researchers an optimized version of UM101; it is currently in a testing its safety and efficacy in human ARDS patients.

Xianlin Han

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